Learn how the American school system works, including details about primary and secondary education, school options, and commonly used terms.
When parents actively participate in their child’s education, it often leads to better academic performance, higher test scores, and a positive attitude toward learning. For immigrant parents, this starts with understanding how the U.S. education system is organized and what opportunities are available.
In this guide, we’ll explore the structure of the U.S. education system, the different schooling options, and tips to help immigrant families navigate their children’s education journey.
Understanding the U.S. Education System
In the U.S., children can access free public education from kindergarten through 12th grade, regardless of immigration status. According to the Migration Policy Institute, children of immigrants make up over 20% of the young child population in 19 states.
The U.S. education system is divided into three levels:
- Primary education – Elementary school, typically kindergarten through 5th grade.
- Secondary education – Middle school (6th–8th grade) and high school (9th–12th grade).
- Post-secondary education – Optional education, including college, university, or vocational training.
School Year and Holidays
The academic year usually begins in August or September and ends in May or June. Schools have breaks during December (winter break), March or April (spring break), and an extended summer vacation.
Key Stages of Education
Primary Education
Primary education begins with kindergarten at age 5 or 6 and continues through 5th grade. Before kindergarten, children aged 3–5 years may attend preschool, which helps prepare them for school but is not mandatory.
Secondary Education
Secondary education is split into two phases:
- Middle school (junior high): 6th–8th grade.
- High school: 9th–12th grade.
Upon completing 12th grade, students receive a high school diploma, which qualifies them for college or vocational programs.
Grading and Assessments
Students’ performance is measured using grades, which vary by state and school. Commonly, grades are assigned as letters (A, B, C, D, and F) or pass-fail systems.
Standardized Testing
Public schools use statewide standardized tests to evaluate academic progress. In high school, students may take additional exams like the SAT or ACT for college admissions. Advanced Placement (AP) courses allow students to earn college credits while still in high school.
Choosing the Right School for Your Child
Public Schools
Public schools are free and funded by local, state, and federal taxes. These schools serve students within a specific district. They follow state-mandated curricula, often using the Common Core standards for English and math.
Private Schools
Private schools charge tuition but offer more curriculum flexibility. Some private schools emphasize religious education or focus on specialized programs, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math). Scholarships and tuition waivers may be available for eligible families.
Other Options
- Charter Schools: Publicly funded schools operating independently of traditional district regulations.
- Homeschooling: Parents or tutors teach students at home, following state-approved curricula.
Paying for Your Child’s Education
Public education is free, but parents must cover supplies, clothing, and meals. Many schools offer free or reduced-price lunch programs for low-income families.
Private school tuition varies widely, averaging $12,350 annually, but scholarships can make it affordable for some families.
Glossary of Common Education Terms
Here’s a quick reference for some frequently used education terms in the U.S.:
- ACT/SAT: Standardized college admission exams.
- Advanced Placement (AP): College-level courses available in high school.
- English Learners (EL): Students learning English as a second language.
- Individualized Education Program (IEP): Customized learning plans for students with special needs.
- K–12: Refers to kindergarten through 12th grade in public schools.
- Parent Teacher Association (PTA): An organization that helps parents engage with schools.
FAQs for Immigrant Parents
Can undocumented children attend school in the U.S.?
Yes, all children have the right to attend public schools, regardless of immigration status. This was established by the Supreme Court in Plyler v. Doe (1982).
If my immigration status changes, how does it affect my child?
If you become a U.S. citizen, your children under 18 living with you may also gain citizenship.
Does a child’s DACA status affect family members?
No, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) only applies to the individual recipient and does not provide immigration benefits for their family.
For more resources and answers to common questions, explore Law and Visas’ immigration guides designed to support immigrant families.
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