Naturalization is the legal process that allows immigrants to become U.S. citizens. It’s available to those who meet specific criteria, such as being a green card holder (permanent resident) for 3–5 years or meeting certain military service requirements.
Naturalization vs. Citizenship:
- Citizenship refers to the status of being a recognized member of a country, which can be obtained by birth or naturalization.
- Naturalization is the process of becoming a citizen if you weren’t born one. It involves fulfilling requirements like living in the U.S. for a certain time, passing a test, and demonstrating good moral character.
Becoming a U.S. citizen has many benefits, like voting rights, but it also comes with responsibilities, such as obeying laws and serving on a jury.
How Long Does Naturalization Take?
The process, from submitting your application to taking the Oath of Allegiance, currently takes about 4.9 months.
Fastest Routes to Citizenship:
- Marriage to a U.S. citizen: Green card holders married to U.S. citizens can apply after just 3 years of residency, compared to the usual 5 years.
- Military service: Members of the U.S. armed forces may qualify for expedited naturalization, sometimes bypassing residency requirements entirely.
At Law and Visas, we guide you through every step of the naturalization process to make it easier and stress-free.
How Much Does Naturalization Cost?
The government filing fee for a citizenship application is $760.
- Military members don’t have to pay this fee.
- Filing your application online can save you $50.
At Law and Visas, we offer flexible payment plans to help you cover these costs.
Who Can Apply for Naturalization?
Eligibility depends on factors like how long you’ve had your green card, how long you’ve lived in the U.S., and whether you’ve served in the military.
Here’s a quick breakdown:
| Eligibility Group | Required Physical Presence in the U.S. | When to Apply |
| Green card holder (no special circumstances) | 30 months (2.5 years) | After 5 years |
| Married to a U.S. citizen | 18 months (1.5 years) | After 3 years |
| Widow of U.S. citizen killed in military | None | Anytime |
| Military member (peacetime, 1+ years) | None | During active duty or within 6 months |
| Military member (wartime, any duration) | None | Anytime |
Important Notes:
- Military applicants often face fewer restrictions and faster processing.
- Time spent in military service counts as time lived in the U.S. for eligibility purposes.
What Are the Naturalization Requirements?
In addition to residency, applicants must meet these conditions:
- Age: Be at least 18 years old (unless applying based on military service).
- Continuous Residency: No trips outside the U.S. lasting 6 months or more.
- State Residency: Have lived in your state for at least 3 months.
- Good Moral Character: No serious criminal offenses or lying on your application.
- Pass a Citizenship Test:
- English Test: Tests reading, writing, and speaking skills.
- Civics Test: Covers U.S. history and government.
- Selective Service: Male applicants aged 18–25 must register.
- Support for the Constitution: Show willingness to defend the U.S. if required.
Special Exceptions
Certain groups qualify for exceptions:
| Group | Exempt from English Test? | Exempt from Civics Test? |
| Aged 50+, green card holder for 20+ years | Yes | No |
| Aged 55+, green card holder for 15+ years | Yes | No |
| Aged 65+, green card holder for 20+ years | Yes | Simplified version |
| Applicants with qualifying disabilities | Yes (with waiver) | Yes (with waiver) |
Military-Specific Benefits and Exceptions
- Peacetime Service: If you served at least one year during peacetime, you don’t need to meet certain residency requirements.
- Wartime Service: Wartime veterans can apply at any time, even without a green card.
Important: Military applicants must not have deserted their post or been discharged under dishonorable conditions.
Filing Fee Assistance
Can’t afford the $760 fee? You may qualify for a fee reduction or waiver based on your income.
Steps to Apply for U.S. Citizenship
- File Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization)
- Complete and submit the form either online or by mail.
- Pay the filing fee (unless you qualify for a waiver or reduction).
- Early Filing: You may file 90 days before meeting the 3- or 5-year residency requirement if you’re eligible.
- Biometrics Appointment
- Attend an appointment to have your fingerprints taken.
- USCIS uses this to conduct a background check.
- Citizenship Interview and Exam
- Interview: A USCIS officer reviews your application and verifies your eligibility.
- Exam: Includes an English test (reading, writing, and speaking) and a civics test (U.S. history and government).
- Study materials are provided, and you’ll have two chances to pass if needed.
- Take the Oath of Allegiance
- Once approved, attend a naturalization ceremony.
- You’ll return your green card and receive your Certificate of Naturalization, officially becoming a U.S. citizen.
Benefits of U.S. Citizenship
- Voting Rights: Participate in federal elections.
- Running for Office: Eligible for public office positions.
- Avoiding Immigration Forms: No need to renew green cards or file immigration forms.
- Expanded Job Opportunities: Work for federal agencies.
- Access to Benefits: Qualify for federal assistance programs and financial aid.
- Protection from Deportation: Cannot be deported unless citizenship is revoked.
- Family Sponsorship: Sponsor relatives for immigration status.
- U.S. Passport Access: Travel visa-free to many countries.
- Automatic Citizenship for Children: Your children may automatically acquire U.S. citizenship.
Special Considerations
- Dual Citizenship: Check your home country’s rules, as some require you to renounce your original citizenship.
- Jury Duty and Taxes: Be prepared to serve on juries and file U.S. taxes, even when living abroad.
- Criminal History: Consult a lawyer if you have a record that may affect your eligibility.
Common Questions
- What’s the difference between naturalization and citizenship? Naturalization is the process; citizenship is the status granted after completing the process.
- Do you need a green card to apply? Yes, most applicants need a green card for 3–5 years, though military members may have different rules.
- Is a lawyer necessary? Not always, but a lawyer can provide peace of mind, especially for complex cases.
